This chapter presents key concepts and entries starting with the alphabet “D” from the twelve-volume ICA International Encyclopedia of Communication (2008) in an up-to-date manner. Related articles and references and suggested readings are given under each concept/entry. The International Encyclopedia of Communication represents the definitive reference work in this interdisciplinary and dynamic field. Editorial areas include communication theory and philosophy, interpersonal communication, journalism, intercultural and intergroup communication, media effects, strategic communication/PR, communication and media law and policy, media systems in the world, and communication and technology. This collection spans the breadth of communication studies, including coverage of theories, media and communication phenomena, research methods, problems, concepts, and geographical areas within this dynamic and interdisciplinary field.
